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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿-𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗜𝗣𝗨)

Subject: Polity

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: The Inter-Parliamentary Union served as a global platform for parliamentary diplomacy and democratic cooperation.
• 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: International organization of 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 | Focuses on democratic institution-building + rule of law.
• 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁: Founded in 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟵 in Paris | Co-founded by William Randal Cremer + Frédéric Passy.
• 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀: Located in 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘃𝗮, Switzerland.
• 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽: Comprises 𝟭𝟴𝟯 Member Parliaments + 15 Associate Members | Slogan: "For democracy. For everyone".
• 𝗞𝗲𝘆 𝗕𝗼𝗱𝘆: 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗲 on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians | Examines violations + arbitrary detention of legislators globally.
• 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Connects UN goals like 𝗦𝗗𝗚𝘀 to domestic legislation | Promotes youth + women participation in legislatures.

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮

Subject: History

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: Ministry of Education approved five Centres of Excellence for newly designated classical languages.
• 𝗡𝗼𝗱𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆: 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 | CoEs established inside premier universities.
• 𝗧𝗼𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁: 𝟭𝟭 Indian languages hold official classical designation.
• 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲: 𝗧𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹 (2004) | 𝗦𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗸𝗿𝗶𝘁 (2005) | 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝘂𝗴𝘂 (2008) | 𝗞𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗮 (2008) | 𝗠𝗮𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗺 (2013) | 𝗢𝗱𝗶𝗮 (2014).
• 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗔𝗱𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗶, 𝗣𝗮𝗹𝗶, 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗸𝗿𝗶𝘁, 𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀𝗲, and 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗹𝗶 added in October 2024.
• 𝗘𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗖𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮: High antiquity of recorded history and early texts spanning 𝟭𝟱𝟬𝟬–𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟬 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀.
• 𝗘𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗖𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮: Body of ancient literature + original knowledge prose compositions and inscriptional corpus.
• 𝗘𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗖𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮: Classical form distinct or showing discontinuity with modern spoken variations.
• 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲: Assamese at 𝗧𝗲𝘇𝗽𝘂𝗿 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 | Bengali at 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝘃𝗮-𝗕𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆.
• 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲: Marathi at 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲, Pune | Pali at 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗮.
• 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲: Prakrit at 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝘂𝗷𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁.
• 𝘗𝘠𝘘 𝘓𝘪𝘯𝘬: Prelims 2014 (Classical languages of India).

𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲-𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗺 𝗞𝗲𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗤𝗞𝗗)

Subject: Science

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: India successfully demonstrated its first free-space quantum key distribution link over an atmospheric distance.
• 𝗠𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗺: Transmits cryptographic keys using 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗽𝗵𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘀 through open-air channels instead of fiber-optic cables.
• 𝗣𝗵𝘆𝘀𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀: Uses 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 𝗨𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘆 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 + 𝗡𝗼-𝗖𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗺 to instantly detect interception attempts.
• 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀: Achieved 𝟱.𝟱𝟲-𝗸𝗺 range | Quantum Bit Error Rate < 𝟱% | Generation speed 𝟮𝟯𝟬-𝟮𝟲𝟬 𝗯𝗽𝘀.
• 𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗘𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀: Developed by 𝗤𝗡𝘂 𝗟𝗮𝗯𝘀 + 𝗕𝗜𝗦𝗔𝗚-𝗡 (MeitY) + 𝗜𝗜𝗧 𝗚𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗿.
• 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Integrates Armos hardware + 𝗣𝗔𝗧 optical alignment + Vedic Kavach post-quantum software layer.
• 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: Secures 𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗲-𝘁𝗼-𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 communications + military networks + infrastructure in fiber-less terrain.
• 𝘗𝘠𝘘 𝘓𝘪𝘯𝘬: UPSC Prelims 2022 (Quantum Key Distribution)

𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗮 𝗧𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

Subject: History

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: Heritage activists opposed a proposed opencast coal mine near the temple and Ramappa Lake in Telangana.
• 𝗟𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Palampet village, Mulugu district, 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗮 | Adjacent to Ramappa Lake.
• 𝗗𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Dedicated to 𝗟𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝗵𝗶𝘃𝗮 (Ramalingeswara / Rudreshwara) | 13th-century Kakatiya architecture.
• 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲: Built in 𝟭𝟮𝟭𝟯 𝗖𝗘 under Kakatiya monarch 𝗚𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗶 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗮 by general Recharla Rudra.
• 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Named after sculptor 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗮 — only historic Indian temple named after its builder.
• 𝗨𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗢 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘂𝘀: Inscribed as 𝗨𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗢 World Heritage Site in 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭 (India's 39th).
• 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Earthquake-resistant 𝗦𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗯𝗼𝘅 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 foundation using sand, granite dust, jaggery, and karakkaya.
• 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Vimana constructed using lightweight 𝗳𝗹𝗼𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗸𝘀 to reduce wall load.
• 𝗦𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗽𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀: Carved in black 𝗱𝗼𝗹𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 and basalt depicting Madanikas, Yalis, and Kakatiya dance forms.

𝟯𝗗 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴

Subject: Science

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: Andhra Pradesh initiated India's first national pilot project constructing rural houses using 3D Concrete Printing.
• 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Automated 𝗮𝗱𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 technology depositing high-performance concrete layer-by-layer via robotic printers.
• 𝗠𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗺: Converts digital 𝗕𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 (BIM) plans into paths for computer-guided nozzle material extrusion.
• 𝗪𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Eliminates scaffolding and formwork, reducing job-site construction waste by 𝟯𝟬–𝟲𝟬%.
• 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲: Compresses structural wall construction timelines from months down to 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘀.

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻 — 𝟯𝗗 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 vs 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁: 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝟯𝗗 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴: Automated layer-by-layer extrusion 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Manual brick-and-mortar masonry

𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝟯𝗗 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴: Days or hours 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Several months

𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁: 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗪𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝟯𝗗 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴: Reduced by 30–60% 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲: High scaffolding and mold waste

𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗸

Subject: Geography

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: Union Environment Minister released captive-bred male Great Indian Bustards into the wild at Sam in Desert National Park.
• 𝗟𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Situated in western Thar Desert, Rajasthan along 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮–𝗣𝗮𝗸𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻 border | Spans Jaisalmer and Barmer districts.
• 𝗔𝗿𝗲𝗮: Encompasses 𝟯,𝟭𝟲𝟮 𝘀𝗾 𝗸𝗺 | Ranks among India's largest national parks.
• 𝗖𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲: Lies in extreme hyper-arid zone receiving annual rainfall under 𝟭𝟬𝟬 𝗺𝗺.
• 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆: Features shifting 𝗯𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻 dunes, rocky crags, pediments, and gravel plains.
• 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗮: Dominated by Northern Tropical 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁 | Key species include Khejri, Rohida, Guggal, and Sewan grass.
• 𝗙𝗮𝘂𝗻𝗮: Serves as primary wild sanctuary for critically endangered 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗱 | Harbors Chinkara, Desert Cat, and Spiny-tailed Lizard.
• 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Contains dedicated conservation-breeding centers at 𝗦𝗮𝗺 and Ramdevra.
• 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Enfolds 𝟳𝟯 traditional villages within park boundaries | Inhabited by pastoral communities like Bishnois.
• 𝘗𝘠𝘘 𝘓𝘪𝘯𝘬: UPSC Prelims 2020 (Features of Desert National Park and Great Indian Bustard habitat)

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻 — 𝗝𝗮𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗿 vs 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿 (DNP Spread)

𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁: Area Coverage 𝗝𝗮𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗿: 1,900 sq km 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿: 1,262 sq km