Learn from those whoโve been there, done that!"
DAILY PRELIMS CA 28 SEPT 2026 ENG
๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎโ๐ ๐๐ถ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ผ๐ฟ๐-๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ฒ-๐ ๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ป๐ผ๐น ๐๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐
Subject: Science
- ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐น๐ต: Foundation stone laid for Indiaโs first port-based e-methanol production plant in Gujarat.
- ๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: Sited at ๐๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ๐น ๐ฃ๐ผ๐ฟ๐, Kandla, Kutch district, Gujarat.
- ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐น๐ผ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ: Joint venture between ๐๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ๐น ๐ฃ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐๐๐ต๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ (MoPSW) and ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐บ ๐ฃ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ผ-๐๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น๐ ๐๐๐ฑ | ๐ณ๐ฒ:๐ฎ๐ฐ capital ratio.
- ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฑ๐๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: Synthesises ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ป ๐ต๐๐ฑ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ด๐ฒ๐ป (via desalinated water electrolysis) with captured ๐ฏ๐ถ๐ผ๐ด๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ฐ ๐๐ข๐ฎ.
- ๐๐ฎ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ถ๐๐: Scalable ๐ญ๐ฑ๐ฌ ๐ง๐ฃ๐ target | Phase I (50 TPD by Jan 2027) + Phase II (100 TPD by March 2027).
- ๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: Provides synthetic, carbon-neutral drop-in ๐ฏ๐๐ป๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ณ๐๐ฒ๐น to decarbonise maritime shipping fleets.
๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ'๐ ๐๐ถ๐ฟ๐๐ ๐๐ก๐-๐ฃ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ง๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป
Subject: Science
- ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐น๐: Flagged off India's first LNG-powered passenger train from Sabarmati, Gujarat.
- ๐ง๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ง๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต๐ป๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐: Operates on retrofitted LNG-diesel ๐ฑ๐๐ฎ๐น-๐ณ๐๐ฒ๐น traction system | Uses electronically controlled gas injection.
- ๐๐๐ฒ๐น ๐ฆ๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ถ๐๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: LNG replaces up to ๐ฐ๐ฌ% of conventional diesel during line-haul operations.
- ๐๐ฟ๐๐ผ๐ด๐ฒ๐ป๐ถ๐ฐ ๐ฆ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ด๐ฒ: Stores LNG at โ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฎยฐ๐ in 2,200-litre insulated tanks per power car.
- ๐ข๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐: Features an ๐ด-๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต non-AC trainset | Provides daily operational range of 444 km.
- ๐ง๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ๐ & ๐๐บ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐: Reduces PM, NOx, and CO2 emissions + Aligns with zero diesel consumption goal by ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฏ๐ฌ.
๐๐ฎ๐น๐น๐ฎ๐ธ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐น (๐ฆ๐๐ฒ๐น๐น ๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ)
Subject: Geography
- ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐น๐ต: INCOIS issued a red alert for Kerala's coast following severe Kallakkadal swell surges.
- ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด: Malayalam term meaning ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ ๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐น๐ถ๐ธ๐ฒ ๐ฎ ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ฒ๐ณ | sudden coastal inundation without local storms or rain.
- ๐ข๐ฟ๐ถ๐ด๐ถ๐ป: Driven by ocean swells generated in distant ๐ฆ๐ผ๐๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป ๐ข๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ป or South Atlantic Ocean.
- ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐บ: Swells undergo shoaling in shallow waters + cause coastal flooding, peak during ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ป๐ผ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ต๐ถ๐ด๐ต ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐.
- ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: Differs from earthquake-driven ๐๐๐๐ป๐ฎ๐บ๐ถ๐ and cyclone-driven ๐๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐บ ๐๐๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ๐ | occurs under calm atmospheric conditions.
- ๐ช๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฃ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ผ๐ฑ: Composed of long-period swells exceeding ๐ญ๐ฑโ๐ฎ๐ฎ ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฑ๐.
- ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ด๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐: Primarily impacts coastline of ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น๐ฎ + Lakshadweep and southern Tamil Nadu.
- ๐ ๐ผ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ด: Tracked and predicted by ๐๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฆ via its Swell Surge Early Warning System.
๐จ๐ก ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐น๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ฎ ๐๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐น ๐ฅ๐ถ๐๐ฒ
Subject: IR
- ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐น๐ต: World leaders adopted a consensus declaration at the UNGA to protect low-lying coastal nations and Small Island Developing States.
- ๐๐๐๐ฝ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐: Adopted under ๐จ๐ก๐๐ | Co-facilitated by ๐๐๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐ฎ and Cabo Verde under General Assembly Decision 78/558.
- ๐ฆ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ต๐ผ๐ผ๐ฑ ๐ฆ๐๐ฎ๐๐๐: Affirms ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ต๐ผ๐ผ๐ฑ and UN membership even if national territory is completely submerged.
- ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐บ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ๐: Freezes ๐จ๐ก๐๐๐ข๐ฆ baselines permanently + removes requirement to retract limits as coastlines retreat.
- ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: Ensures cross-border displaced persons retain ๐ป๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐, dignity, and self-determination rights under international law.
- ๐ฆ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ถ๐ด๐ป๐๐ ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐: Redefines the traditional ๐ช๐ฒ๐๐๐ฝ๐ต๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ฑ๐ผ๐ฐ๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ of territorial statehood | Codifies ๐๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ป๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐บ๐บ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป principles.
๐๐ ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฐ๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐ง๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ป๐ด ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฎ๐ธ๐๐ถ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฒ
Subject: Misc
- ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐น๐ต: IAF launched the second edition of Exercise Tarang Shakti 2026 at Air Force Station Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
- ๐ก๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ: Indiaโs premier multinational combat ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ฟ exercise | Second edition following maiden ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฐ drill.
- ๐๐ผ๐๐ & ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฒ: Hosted by Indian Air Force at Air Force Station ๐๐ผ๐ฑ๐ต๐ฝ๐๐ฟ, Rajasthan.
- ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ: โ๐ฃ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐ถ๐ป ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ต๐ถ๐ฝโ
- ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ก๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐: ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ป friendly foreign countries + US, Australia, France, Germany, UAE, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh.
- ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ: Maiden operational participation of US ๐-๐ฏ๐ฑ stealth fighter aircraft.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ฝ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ฎ
Subject: Geography
- ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐น๐ต: Iran shifted oil exports and critical cargo transit north to the Caspian Sea amid southern maritime port blockades.
- ๐ง๐๐ฝ๐ฒ: World's largest ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฑ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ต๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฐ water body | Holds ~1/3rd of Earth's total inland surface water.
- ๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: Situated between Europe and Asia | Lies ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ below sea level with no ocean outlet.
- ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ก๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐: ๐ฑ countries โ Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan.
- ๐ ๐ฎ๐ท๐ผ๐ฟ ๐๐ป๐ณ๐น๐ผ๐๐: ๐ฉ๐ผ๐น๐ด๐ฎ, Ural, and Terek rivers supply ~88% of total river discharge.
- ๐๐ฒ๐ฝ๐๐ต ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ณ๐ถ๐น๐ฒ: Northern basin is shallowest (4โ8 m) + Southern basin reaches maximum depth of ๐ญ,๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฑ ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐.
- ๐๐ฒ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ข๐ฟ๐ถ๐ด๐ถ๐ป: Remnant of the ancient ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐๐ต๐๐ Sea | Isolated after losing connection to Black and Mediterranean seas.
- ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฌ: UPSC Prelims 2019 (Map-based question pairing major seas with bordering countries).