PRELIMS CA 5 SEPT 2026

𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗮𝗸𝗵 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗛𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹𝘀 (𝗟𝗔𝗛𝗗𝗖𝘀) 

Subject: Polity

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: Ladakh Lieutenant Governor approved notification extending Autonomous Hill Development Councils across all 𝟳 districts of the Union Territory.
• 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Decentralized elected 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 district-level governance bodies for local self-rule and resource management.
• 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝘀: Enacted under 𝗟𝗔𝗛𝗗𝗖 𝗔𝗰𝘁, 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟱 (consolidated in 1997) + modeled on West Bengal's Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council.
• 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲: LAHDC Leh was created in 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟱 | LAHDC Kargil was established in July 2003.
• 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Total 𝟯𝟬 members serving a 5-year term | 26 directly elected + 4 nominated by LG representing women and minorities.
• 𝗘𝘅𝗲𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲: Headed by Chief Executive Councillor holding rank of 𝗖𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘁 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 + 4 Executive Councillors as Deputy Ministers.
• 𝗔𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: District 𝗗𝗲𝗽𝘂𝘁𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗿 acts ex-officio as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the council.
• 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝘀: Controls allotment and use of council 𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 + manages un-demarcated forest areas.
• 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: Formulates district budgets + administers primary education, public health, and local roads excluding 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀.

𝗣𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰 𝗜𝘀𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝘂𝗺 (𝗣𝗜𝗙) 

Subject: IR

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: The PIF summit faced diplomatic friction due to geopolitical pressure from China over Taiwan's participation.
• 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: Premier intergovernmental political grouping representing 𝟭𝟴 member island nations and territories in Oceania.
• 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁: Founded in August 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟭 in Wellington as South Pacific Forum | Renamed Pacific Islands Forum in 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟵.
• 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘀: Includes Australia, New Zealand, 𝟭𝟲 island nations + Includes French overseas territories French Polynesia and New Caledonia.
• 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻: Driven by the regional development vision of 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗕𝗹𝘂𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁.
• 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲: Coordinates collective peace and stabilization missions under the 𝗕𝗶𝗸𝗲𝘁𝗮𝘄𝗮 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.
• 𝗘𝘅𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘂𝗲: Uses Post-Forum Dialogue mechanism to engage partners including India, US, EU, China, and Japan.

𝗗𝗿. 𝗦𝗮𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗶 𝗥𝗮𝗱𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗻 

Subject: History

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: National Teachers' Day was observed on September 5 to mark his birth anniversary.
• 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀: Served as 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 Vice President of India (1952–1962) | Served as 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 President of India (1962–1967).
• 𝗞𝗲𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻: Chaired University Education Commission (1948–1949) + led to creation of 𝗨𝗚𝗖.
• 𝗔𝗰𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀: Served as Vice-Chancellor of 𝗕𝗛𝗨 (1939–1948) | Held Spalding Chair at 𝗢𝘅𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗱 University.
• 𝗗𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲: Served as Ambassador to 𝗦𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘁 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻 (1949–1952) | Led India's UNESCO delegation.
• 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿 𝗛𝗼𝗻𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘀: Conferred inaugural 𝗕𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁 𝗥𝗮𝘁𝗻𝗮 in 1954 | Awarded 𝗧𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗲 in 1975.
• 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸: Authored MA thesis defending 𝗩𝗲𝗱𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮 ethics at Madras University.

𝗡𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝘀𝗵𝗮𝘄𝗸 (𝗕𝗮𝗮𝗷) 

Subject: Environment

• 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘹𝘵: Sighted recently in Punjab, where it serves as the official state bird.
• 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹: Official state bird of 𝗣𝘂𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗯 | Locally known as 𝗕𝗮𝗮𝗷
• 𝗧𝗮𝘅𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝘆: Raptor belonging to family 𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗲 | Scientific name 𝗔𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗿 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘀
• 𝗜𝗨𝗖𝗡 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘂𝘀: Categorised as 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝗻 (LC)
• 𝗛𝗮𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁: Inhabits mature temperate and boreal woodlands across 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗮 (including Himalayas) and North America
• 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆: Short broad wings and long tail suited for canopy navigation | Adults feature bright orange to deep 𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝘆𝗲𝘀
• 𝗕𝗲𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗼𝘂𝗿: Displays strong 𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗳𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 by reusing nesting sites | Opportunistic apex predator hunting diverse small prey